Causes and Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

As time has progressed, light has been shed on the causes and symptoms of mental disorders. Like many mental disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder was once linked to dissociation with religious beliefs. In the seventeenth century OCD was seen as a symptom of being isolated from religion and religious practices. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century that obsessive-compulsive disorder began to be recognized as a mental disorder unrelated to religion. The route to this recognition began as stated by Koran (2007) by distinguishing obsessions from delusions and compulsions from impulsions. The source of the disorder, however, was still a matter to be argued on. The idea that OCD was a result of any level of insanity was disregarded after the mid-eighteen hundreds. For the most part, French psychiatrists believed it was a result of an emotional distress and â€Å"volitional† defects but not before placing it in a very broad spectrum of many other phobias we see today. Ge rman Psychiatrists, on the other hand, associated OCD with an issue on the intellectual level and as Magnan (1835-1916) put it, OCD was the â€Å"psychosis of degeneration.† In 1877, OCD finally got its name when Westpahal used the term Zwangsvorstellung to describe the disorder. Since the term translated to â€Å"obsession† in Great Britain and â€Å"compulsion† in the United States, a compromise was made and the disorder became known as obsessive-compilsive disorder. Later in the nineteenth century, Pierre Janet suggestedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Speech Outline on Ocd799 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech Outline Obsessive Compulsive Disorder I. Attention Getter A. Show Obsessive Compulsive Disorder clip from you tube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embeddedv=sZYRVwjv1ws II. Background A. 1 out of every 100 adults suffers from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and even more are affected by its symptoms. B. Living with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be so severe and time-consuming that it literally becomes â€Å"uncontrollable and disabling to your life and can cause you to haveRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral mental health disorders are brought on due to both psychological and biological problems. Many of these are anxiety or behavioral disorders. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is one of these disorders that is an issue in both anxiety and behavioral issues. Its causes may be psychological, biological, or, in most cases, both. Many studies have been conducted on OCD and show that it is a complex disorder with many different symptoms. There have been treatments and medications to helpRead More Compulsive Disorder Essay853 Words   |  4 Pages Obsessive Compulsive Disordernbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a lifelong disorder, which can cause a person to do things repeatedly. This disorder is identified by two general symptoms: obsessions and compulsions. An obsession can be defines as an unwelcome, distressing thought or mental image. (Schwartz, 1996) It is a thought that annoys you so much that it causes distress and anxiety. Compulsions are theRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1717 Words   |  7 PagesObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is defined as a â€Å"disorder in which intruding, recurring thoughts or obsessions create anxiety that is relieved by performing a repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental act (compulsion)† (Ciccarelli White, 2012, p.543). OCD is a neuropsychiatric disorder that once was considered to be rare (Stein, 2002). Today it affects two to three percent of people across the globe (Treating obsessive-compulsive, 2009). It is a disorder that is â€Å"equally common in males andR ead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder 806 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Begin your paper with the introduction. The active voice, rather than passive voice, should be used in your writing. First discovered in the 19th Century, the neurosis of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a complex disorder consisting of obsessive thoughts often accompanied by compulsive behaviors that sufferers repeat in order to alleviate the anxiety caused by these thoughts. Discovery Prior to being seen as a legitimate mental health issue, OCD was originallyRead MoreEssay about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder1388 Words   |  6 Pagescalled Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or OCD. In the past, this man with OCD would have been considered extremely strange, but it is now known that OCD is somewhat common in today’s world. The conditions of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be very uncomfortable and unsettling, but there are some ways to treat OCD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that causes a sufferer to have very uncomfortable obsessions and compulsions. The main anxiety of a sufferer of OCD is obsessive thoughtsRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder1313 Words   |  5 Pagesmay have misspelled a word. You may feel that this is just a personal issue, but in reality, many people all over the world share the same thoughts and feelings. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or more commonly called OCD, as defined by (Obsessive, 2010), is a type of mental illness that causes repeated unwanted thoughts. This common disorder can be found in nearly every region and culture around the world, so even though one dealing with it may feel alone, the person sitting right beside them couldRead MoreObsessive Complusive Disorder Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesObsessive compulsive disorder, or ODC when shortened, is an anxiety disorder in which the sufferer has many unwanted obsessions often with many repetitive compulsions. The National Institute of Mental Health says â€Å"People with OCD may be plagued by persistent, unwelcome thoughts or images, or by the urgent need to engage in certain rituals.† People suffering from this disorder are frequently washing their hands and keeping things in order. While the exact cause of this disorder is still unknownRead MoreObsessive Compulsion Disorder1045 Words   |  4 PagesObsessive compulsion disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder described by irrational thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do repetitive tasks (compulsions) (Obsessive Compulsion Disorder, 2013). When a person has obsessive-compulsive disorder, they may realize that their obsessions arent accurate, and they may try to overlook them but that only increases their suffering and worry. Eventually, you feel driven to perform compulsive acts to ease your stressful feelings. Obsessive-compulsiveRead MoreEssay about Anxiety Disorder1441 Words   |  6 Pagespsychological disord ers, anxiety disorders are the most predominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Alcohol Use Initiation Among Adolescents - 2777 Words

Abstract This literature review examines alcohol use initiation among adolescents through the constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). The review consists of 23 peer-reviewed sources. TPB was applicable to 18 sources, 4 did not fall within the constructs of TPB and 1 source was used solely to understand the public health context of this behavior. Sources were located through PubMed, Academic Search Complete, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. The following combination of search terms were used: â€Å"alcohol use initiation adolescent behavior† and â€Å"age of first drinking adolescent influences.† Findings from the literature were sorted and applied to constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior. A chapter from the book Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice (Montaà ±o and Kasprzyk 2008) was also used in order to understand the TPB. TPB consists of the following constructs: behavioral intention, evaluation of outcome, normative beliefs, motiva tion to comply, control beliefs and perceived power (Montaà ±o and Kasprzyk 2008). Conclusions found the behavior of alcohol use initiation among adolescents can be applied to all constructs of the model, but existing literature did not explore all constructs of TPB at an equal level of depth. Current literature lacks depth in the constructs of behavioral intention, evaluation of outcome and control beliefs, while a wide variety of literature focuses on the constructs of normative beliefs and motivation to comply.Show MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of Raising The Minimum Drinking Age1540 Words   |  7 Pages INTRODUCTION Alcohol is a popular product that has permeated global markets and dominated Australia’s social and cultural spheres. The use of Alcohol transcends both time and geographical barriers, with historical accounts portraying vivid scenes of alcohol consumption to mark momentous occasions or the medium for misbehaviour. A phenomenon of adolescents drinking to intoxication has been observed in recent years. In order to understand the present situation it is vital to consider the social andRead MoreAdolescence And Its Effects On Adult Behavior Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod of transition through which individuals prepare for living independently in adulthood. Adolescents begin to emulate adult behaviors and seek novelty, with an inhibited regard for danger, as they accumulate the skills needed to provide for themselves. (Spear, 2000) There are several characteristics of adolescence that seem to make an individual more prone to experimenting with addictive drug use, to his or her potential detriment. These include: an increase in taking species-specific risksRead MoreRelationship Between Alcohol And Parenting Styles And Alcohol Abuse Among College Students1707 Words   |  7 Pages Review of Literature The study conducted by Changalwa, C, Ndurumo, M, Barasa, P, Poipoi, 4 (2012) is on the relationship between parenting styles and alcohol abuse among college Students in Kenya. The purpose of this study was to see the relationship between alcohol abuse and parenting style. The study was based on Erik Erikson psychosocial theory (1950). The sample consisted of 32 respondents out of 1000 students who were sampled using purposive sampling wasRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Teenage Drinking725 Words   |  3 Pageslargest social issues among young people in America today. Although more than half of high schoolers drink on a regular basis, the problem is that they are not aware of how dangerous alcohol can be. Although the health risks of heavy drinking are known and understood, the social habit continues to be accepted as a cultural norm. Is it surprising then, that the young people are beginning to drink at school ages. The reality is that alcohol is often the cause of many problems am ong these teenagers. SimplyRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan A Controversial Issue Essay1299 Words   |  6 Pagesas a source of fiber. Some historians analyze that marijuana emerged because of Prohibition, a constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages in the nation.2 Marijuana replaced the alcohol to achieve the recreational use because it was not a social threat. Marijuana clubs were built in every major city in United States. According to the research, until 1930s, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Narcotics classified marijuana as an addicting drug that couldRead MoreSubstance Abuse Prevention On Adolescents1451 Words   |  6 PagesAbuse Prevention in Adolescents Adolescence is the most common period of life in which both recreational and therapeutic drug use is introduced. Coincidentally, brain development and maturity is also at an all time high during this stage of life (2). When initiating the use of a therapeutic drug, the health care provider compares the risk to the benefit. If the benefit outweighs the risk, the drug is generally prescribed effectively. This process allows for the safe and applicable use of various medicationsRead MoreAlcoholism Among Adolescents : A Public Health Problem935 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism amongst adolescents is a major public health problem. The purpose of researching alcoholism amongst adolescents is because alcohol is a drug. The drug of alcoholism is the most common and also the most abused drug amongst adolescents. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) believes that alcoholism amongst adolescents can lead to binge drinking and its on the rise. The CDC states, â€Å" Alcohol us e is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth. AlthoughRead MoreFactors Of Teenage Drug Abuse1198 Words   |  5 Pagesusers begin to take drugs before becoming adult, in particular older adolescents. (McMurray, 2004; Ping Wu et al., 2003) To put it another way, it is unlikely they will try a new drug after the age of 21. Oetting Beauvais (1990) maintain that even if severe drug problems are found later in their life, there could be the roots from their childhood. In addition to this, McCRYSTAL et al., (2003) report that young adults who use drugs regularly have set patterns when they are in their teens. It isRead MoreAlcohol Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pagesprint) Signature: Date Abstract The consumption of alcohol in Australia is becoming a problem, and because of irresponsible and callous drinking, Australia is in need of a more mature drinking culture. The main points in this essay discuss the issues concerning irresponsible drinking amongst teens.They include the effects of alcohol on the adolescent brain, accidents involving underage drinkers and teens delaying the consumption of alcohol for as long as possible. This essay argues that becauseRead More Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years The years of adolescence are a very important time for both young girls and boys to make decisions that will essentially have the power to shape their lives. In life there are conflicts to be overcome from both the â€Å"evil† social world and also a young girl’s vulnerability can cause problems. Both have a huge impact on decisions she will make. Drugs and alcohol are both issues that almost any young person in today’s society is going to come

Immigration Reform And No Action - 1330 Words

In 2001, my father crossed the border from Mexico to the United States through the desert in order to gives us a better life. Since Mexico s economy was inadequate, my father was unable to find a job and talked with my aunt. My aunt suggested my father to come to the United States to work in her company that she had, but we never imagine that after two years my father was going to go back to Mexico to pick us up in order for us to not be separated again. In 2004, we came to the United States my parents knew what they were doing; however, my brother and I had not other choice than come with them since we had no voice at that time. Now that we are here, we questioned them, because we cannot do what every other person or friend can do instead of us. Although there has been a struggle from a lot of people in the United States protesting for an immigration reform and no action has been done, I agree that Obama s Immigration Reform Plan using the â€Å"Executive Order† was the righ t action to take on immigration reform for several reasons. The first reason why I concede with Obama s Immigration Reform Plan using the â€Å"Executive Order† is the right action to take on immigration reform is because it is going to help the economic growth. This action it s going to create new jobs and increase salaries not just for the ones who are actually applying but also for the American citizens. According to a Unites States News article, Hinojosa-Ojeda, who obtained his bachelors inShow MoreRelatedImmigration Policy Of The United States And Its Effects On Hispanic Immigrants1541 Words   |  7 PagesMHS_ForeignLanguageWritingAssignment Tanya Meinecke-Smith SPAN_2311_MHS 06 December 2014 Immigration Policy in the United States and its Effects on Hispanic Immigrants Whether with a cold shoulder welcome or a open arm embrace, the United States has constantly received a range of global immigrants, over half whom originate from Latin America (migrationpolicy.org). Largely driven by the prospect of the â€Å"American Dream,† the Latino immigration movement began in the 1840s and has fluctuated with new policies, includingRead MoreImmigration And The United States1464 Words   |  6 Pages Immigration has always been a complex issue in the United States. Previous and current administrations have had great difficulties in setting policies and programs in place to address this problem. During the course of American history, laws were enacted to address such issues. There were numerous legislative milestones in regards to immigration in the United States. In order to understand the current issues regarding immigration, we have to look back at the policies that were in placeRead MoreThe Rhetorical Analysis Of President Barack Obamas Speech912 Words   |  4 Pagesposition on immigration in the United States. His audience in the auditorium consisted of American citizens and immigrants who supported him in his second presidential campaign. The school in the state of Nevada was chosen due to its majority Latino student body to allow the President to address a group whose primary concern during the campaign was immigration reform. In his speech, President Barack Obama est ablishes the need for comprehensive immigration reform pertaining illegal immigration as wellRead MoreImmigration : A Nation Of Immigrants937 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Immigration make us stronger. It keeps us vibrant. It keeps us hungry. It keeps us prosperous. It is part of what makes this such a dynamic country†-Barack Obama. Throughout America’s history, immigrants have been a pivotal aspect on its economy and culture. America has always been a nation of immigrants, in fact during 1881 to 1920 nearly 23.5 million immigrants were welcomed by the American government with open arms. However, this phase ended when the U.S. government decided to put a limit onRead MoreBarack Obama s Unilateral Amnesty Program By Forbidding Department Of Homeland Security From Spending Money For Its Implementation1451 Words   |  6 PagesI. Summary As President Obama announced the executive action on immigration, it is imperative for you to introduce a bill that will defund President Obama’s unilateral amnesty program by forbidding Department of Homeland Security from spending money for its implementation. Next, you should prepare an immigration bill that proposes sound actions of comprehensive immigration reform that strengthen immigration laws, improve internal enforcement, tighten border security and reduce illegal immigrantsRead MoreImmigration Senior Project1544 Words   |  7 PagesSenior Project Immigration Obama’s Immigration Reform Xihara Rosario Class 172 Mrs. Prysler Northeast High School Outline 1. Introduction What is my topic? Why I chose it? What do I already know about my topic? What I expect to learn? 2. 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Accountability In Nursing Practice Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Should Registered Nurses Be Held Accountable Of Their Own Practice? Answer: Introduction Registered Nurses are those nurses that have officially graduated from a nursing college, university or any other educational institution and have excelled in the national licensing exam. These nurses are meant to provide and set up care activities for the patients. Registered nurses are responsible for recovering patients. Additionally, they are responsible for educating patients and coordinating patient care schedules. Furthermore, the registered nurses have the responsibility to educate the public (non-patients) about any health condition and on various diseases and infections (Fisher, 2009). These nurses are mostly found in areas like the operations rooms, doctors offices, Intensive Care Units (ICUs), clinics, patient recovery rooms, patient admission rooms and ambulatory care rooms. Accountability is the state of being responsible or liable for a certain action or result. Accountability encourages individuals towards being responsible and answerable whenever they are involved in an action or when their actions causes certain results. On the other hand, responsibility is referred to as the obligation to carry out some tasks or duties by use certain professional knowledge and having the courage to be answerable for them. In that case, registered nurses are supposed to be accountable or rather responsible for their practices. Every employee who has a role and responsibility must have the courage to be accountable and answerable for all the activities they conduct and all the results that arise from those activities (McConnell et al, 2012). To be precise, registered nurses are usually trained to take care of hospital patients which basically means that they have to be accountable of what happens to the patients as a result of their professional practices (Goudreau et al, 2013). Therefore, it is important to note all health care providers are deemed accoun table for their own practices by both the criminal and civil courts to ensure that all their practices are focused towards meeting their legal requirements and objectives. Furthermore, just as how general employees are accountable of their activities in the employers eyes, the registered nurses in Australia are also accountable to their regulatory organization (Nursing and Midwife Board of Australia previously called the Nursing and Midwife Council) who ensure that they abide to the rules and regulations governing their professional practice and patient care responsibility (Zahedi et al, 2013). Discussion This discussion will provide a clear understanding on the reasons why the registered nurses should be held accountable of their own practices. The following are the reasons: Legal and Professional Mandate The registered nurses must be accountable because it is actually their legal and professional responsibility to do so. When the nurses are trained, there main goal, objective and duty is solely to provide patient care in a health institution (Zahedi et al, 2013). By training them, they are equipped with immense knowledge, skills and expertise that is to be used when doing their jobs. Technically, the countys laws (Australia) imposes a duty to all the health practitioners which is basically a duty to care on practitioners. These laws are imposed for all nurses whether HCAs, Aps, students still in the program, doctors, registered nurses among others (Cashin et al, 2017). However, the registered nurses are also liable to adhering to the rules and regulations set aside by the NMBA which is the authoritative body in charge of registering nurses and giving the licenses. Therefore, it is the duty of each nurse to be accountable of any action that they take under those laws. If the action is within the laws grounds, then the responsible nurse for the action or result is supposed to take credit and if not according to the laws, the nurse responsible is supposed to shoulder the damages or danger caused by the results (Cashin et al, 2015). By setting up these laws, the nurses are aware of what they are supposed to do and what they are responsible for. On the other hand, the laws also offer protection to the regulatory organizations so that they are not entirely blamed for the nurses practices. To improve quality of the Practice As mentioned earlier, registered nurses roles and responsibility, is to take care of the patients when doctors are not available. According to Sadeghi et al, 2016, this means that they actually give medicine to the patients, change the patients beddings, give them food and other drinks, take them to visit the toilets, educate them on how to care for themselves, involve the patients in professional talks and other activities that the patients may need. In the grounds of taking care of the patients, the nurses are supposed to check on the patients on a regular basis, make observations when needed or when the doctor is not available, strategize on methods of making their health condition better to name just but a few activities that are supposed to be done by a registered nurse on duty. According to Hughes, 2008, all these activities are all related to a persons health condition and life. This means that nurses are the ones to determine whether the patients will recover or not. Therefor e, it is important for all nurses to be accountable of their own action/practice so that whenever a persons life or health is in danger, they can be solely answerable for the results (Masso et al, 2014). Through this, the nursing practice will be given more though and value because of the fact that every nurse will be on their own. Additionally, the nurses will be ready to perform their best in their practices therefore providing the best care quality to the patients. Providing Improved Patient Safety This is related to the improved quality care provision. The nurses that are placed in surgery rooms help the surgeons in operating on the patient. These practices give the nurses the opportunity to experience the operation activity and understand the care that the patient needs (Battie et al, 2015). The nurses placed in such scenarios get to understand these patients better because they have an idea of exactly what may have happened in the operation room, what medications that were used, what possible dangers that may affect the patients among other things (Mitchell, 2008). Therefore, these nurses are given the responsibility of taking care of these patients simply because they have more experience and information on their condition than any other. However, nurses should be accountable for their patients during their time of illness as well as when their during their recovery time, e.g. in the case of a surgery patient. When these nurses are deemed accountable for their actions, they give their best during the operational and after the operations (Battie et al, 2014). The nurses are allocated the responsibility to provide medication, observe the patients and make regular checkups on them. By doing all of these, the nurses will be determining the health condition and status of the patient especially towards their recovery process. Through this, the nurses will be ready to offer the best and improved safety and care to the patients no matter what. As a Form of Lifelong Learning Experience Every registered nurses career is determined by how much experience, skills and knowledge they have. However, after the nurses have finished their training programs and are officially registered, they can only get experience by working in a hospital. Basically, it means that new registered nurses may not have enough experience but can get it from performing their duties to their patients in hospitals. However, as for the already experienced nurses, they can learn from their past nursing experiences. This is where the accountability aspect comes in. When nurses are accountable of their own practices, they get to learn more or better than when they are given examples of nurses who failed or who made certain mistakes (Ross et al, 2013). Generally, a person is capable of taking their own mistake into consideration more than one of a person whom they may not know or even heard of. Therefore, when nurses are accountable of their actions, they get to correct their mistakes more positively o r faster than when they are given examples of the same mistakes made by a different person. Every experience is a lesson for a nurse, e.g. taking care of different kinds of patients with different health conditions. When a nurse becomes responsible for a patients death, they should be accountable of the death on their own and if a patients health condition improves drastically, the nurse responsible should be responsible of the improvement of their own. According to Krautscheid, 2014, the accountability will certainly be helpful especially when the results of a practice are negative. Hence, accountability serves as a persons own form of lifelong learning experience to say the least. Form of Professional Education Registered nurses are educated individuals who have graduated from a nursing college or a university or any other learning institution offering nursing education services. However, in these educational institutions, the activities involved are just teaching, studying and being examines theoretically or rather there are no actual patients in the educational forums (Hernandez, 2016). When these nurses are registered and start working, the have to deal with real human being and worry about their lives. This means that they get the opportunity to tackle real health conditions being experienced by real humans. In that case, these nurses are given the chance to practice their profession in real life. They get to observe patients, check their health conditions, differentiating different medications to give a person suffering among other things. This means that they ought to be effective and efficient planners, smart decision makers, have strong communication skills, a good caregiver, among other things. They certainly need to increase their levels and strategies of making the right calls or decisions (Kako et al, 2008). Through all these activities and roles about caring another persons life, improves the thinking capacity of a nurse which is a basic way of letting them learn new things in their profession and career (Gardner et al, 2016). For that reason, it is important to approve the aspect of accountability or nurses for their practices because through this, they will be able to actually learn more and improve their professional education by practicing it. Conclusion Registered nurses are those that have already passed through the nursing education institutions and passed the national examination for licensing. However, these nurses, especially those in Australia, should be able to be recognized by their specific regulatory bodies, in the case of Australia its the NMBA. It is also important for nurse to ensure that their roles and responsibilities and duties are tied to a patients life which means that every any registered nurse should make sure that they take care of the patients health condition because their life is technically on their hands. Therefore, this being the obvious reason for the nurses to be held accountable for their practices and actions, the other are: the fact that it is a way of enhancing improvement in the quality of the nursing practice, a way of improving the safety standards of the patients, it offers a chance for further learning and professional education for the nurses, it is a way of adhering to the legal standards of a country and nursing regulatory body and that it offers an opportunity to the nurse to have more experience in their practice. Therefore, yes, the nurses should be accountable for their own practices because it will definitely do more good than harm to the patients and the entire society. References Batti, R., Steelman, V. M. (2014). Accountability in nursing practice: Why it is important for patient safety.Association of Operating Room Nurses. AORN Journal,100(5), 537. Battie, R., Steelman, V. M. (2015). Accountability in nursing practice: Why it is important for patient safety.ACORN: The Journal of Perioperative Nursing in Australia,28(4), 14. Cashin, A., Buckley, T., Donoghue, J., Heartfield, M., Bryce, J., Cox, D., ... Dunn, S. V. (2015). Development of the nurse practitioner standards for practice Australia.Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice,16(1-2), 27-37. Cashin, A., Heartfield, M., Bryce, J., Devey, L., Buckley, T., Cox, D., ... Fisher, M. (2017). Standards for practice for registered nurses in Australia.Collegian,24(3), 255-266. Fisher, P. (2009). Organizational effectiveness and capacity: the critical role of organizational health.Victoria (BC): Fisher Associates Solutions Inc. Gardner, G., Duffield, C., Doubrovsky, A., Adams, M. (2016). Identifying advanced practice: A national survey of a nursing workforce.International journal of nursing studies,55, 60-70. Goudreau, K. A., Smolenski, M. (Eds.). (2013).Health policy and advanced practice nursing: Impact and implications. Springer Publishing Company. Hernandez, J. S. (2016). Coaching other physicians through difficult conversations.Physician Leadership Journal,3(5), 40. Hughes, R. G. (2008). Nurses at the sharp end of patient care. Kako, M., Rudge, T. (2008). Governing nursing: Curriculum as a rhetorical vehicle using South Australian nursing schools from the 1950s onwards as an illustrative case.Contemporary nurse,30(2), 142-155. Krautscheid, L. C. (2014). Defining professional nursing accountability: a literature review.Journal of Professional Nursing,30(1), 43-47. Masso, M., Thompson, C. (2014). Nurse practitioners in NSW'Gaining Momentum': rapid review of the nurse practitioner literature. McConnell, K. J., Delate, T., Newlon, C. L. (2012). Impact of continuing professional development versus traditional continuing pharmacy education on learning behaviors.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association,52(6), 742-752. Mitchell, P. H. (2008). Defining patient safety and quality care. Ross, K., Barr, J., Stevens, J. (2013). Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses.BMC nursing,12(1), 9. Sadeghi, A., Khamarnia, M. (2016). Professional Ethics in health management, Patients rights grounds.Medical Ethics Journal,4(13), 13-26. Zahedi, F., Sanjari, M., Aala, M., Peymani, M., Aramesh, K., Parsapour, A., Dastgerdi, M. V. (2013). The code of ethics for nurses.Iranian journal of public health,42(Supple1), 1.